Creating a Web Page Using HTML

Lesson 1 : Basic HTML

What is HTML and its History?
       Web pages are created using HTML (Hypertext Mark -up Language) which is the language used to create documents on the web.
       HTML uses a set of special instructions called TAGS or MARK-UP .

HTML Elements
     The HTML code is made up of characters that live inside angled brackets - these are called HTML elements. Elements are usually made up of two tags: an opening and closing tag. (The closing tag has a forward slash in it).

HTML Attributes 
     Attributes provide additional information about the contents of an element. They appear on the opening tag of the element and are made up of two parts: a name and a value, separated by an equal sign.

HTML Versions
       HTML 1.0 (1989-1994)
       HTML 2.0 (1995)
       HTML 3.20 (1997)
       HTML 4.01 (1999)
       HTML 5





Lesson 2: Entering HTML Tags

Notepad start up
To create your first web page on a PC, start-up Notepad. You can find this by going to:
1. Start
2. All programs (or programs)
3. Accessories
4. Notepad

Saving your Web Page
Go to the File menu and select Save as. You will need to save the file somewhere you can remember.
To save your web page:
1. Once you have created your web page, choose File > Save as from your notepad.
2. In the dialog box that appears, choose Plain Text or Text Document for the Format.
3. Give the document the .htm or .html extension.
4. Choose the folder in which to save the web page.
5. Click Save, then you will see an Html document. 



Lesson 3: Basic HTML Formatting

Lesson 4: Images

Common types of image format
JPEG
       JPEG is short for Joint Photographic Experts Group, and is the most popular among the image formats used on the web. JPEG files are very 'lossy', meaning so much information is lost from the original image when you save it in JPEG file.

GIF
       GIF, short for Graphics Interchange Format, is limited to the 8-bit palette with only 256 colors. GIF is still popular image format on the internet because image size is relatively small compared to other image compression types.

BMP
       The Windows Bitmap or BMP files are image files within the Microsoft Windows operating system.

PNG
       PNGs, or Portable Network Graphics, were created as an alternative to the GIF file format, when the GIF technology was copyrighted and required permission to use.

TIFF
       TIFF was created by Aldus for 'desktop publishing'. and by 2009 it was transferred to the control of Adobe Systems.

Boolean Algebra

 • Boolean algebra provides a mathematical framework for digital systems.
• A basic knowledge of Boolean algebra is indispensable to the study and analysis of logic
circuits.
• Remember that in the last lecture notes,  Boolean operations and expressions in terms of their relationship to NOT, AND, OR, NAND, and NOR gates were introduced.
• Variable, complement and literal are terms used in Boolean algebra.
• A variable is a symbol used to represent a logical quantity. Any single variable can have a 1
or a 0 value.
• The complement is the inverse of a variable and is indicated by a bar over the variable (overbar).
• A literal is a variable or the complement of a variable.

Monostable Multivibrator

           Multivibrators are special purpose digital circuit intended to perform specific circuit functions, specifically regarding pulse generation.

           They are further categorized into three: astable, monostable, and bistable.

       

MOSFET Monostable

Monostable Multivibrators have only one stable state (hence their name: "Mono"), and produce a single output pulse when it is triggered externally. Monostable Multivibrators only return back to their first original and stable state after a period of time determined by the time constant of the RC coupled circuit.
Consider the MOSFET circuit on the left. The resistor R and capacitor C form an RC timing circuit. The N-channel enhancement mode MOSFET is switched "ON" due to the voltage
across the capacitor with the drain connected LED also "ON".

When the switch is closed the capacitor is short circuited and therefore discharges while at the same time the gate of the MOSFET is shorted to ground. The MOSFET and therefore the LED are both switched "OFF". While the switch is closed the circuit will always be "OFF" and in its "unstable state".

When the switch is opened, the fully discharged capacitor starts to charge up through the resistor,R at a rate determined by the RC time constant of the resistor-capacitor network. Once the capacitors charging voltage reaches the lower threshold voltage level of the MOSFETs gate, the MOSFET switches "ON" and illuminates the LED returning the circuit back to its stable state.
Then the application of the switch causes the circuit to enter its unstable state, while the time constant of the RC network returns it back to its stable state after a preset timing period thereby producing a very simple "one shot" or Monostable Multivibrator MOSFET circuit.